Adaptation Mechanisms of Penaeus monodon in Changing Aquatic Environments: A Review

Abstract

Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the black tiger shrimp, is one of the most economically important aquaculture species in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the sustainability of its cultivation is increasingly challenged by dynamic environmental changes, including temperature fluctuations, salinity shifts, acidification, hypoxia, and exposure to pollutants. This review explores the multifaceted adaptation mechanisms employed by P. monodon in response to these stressors. Physiologically, the species exhibits efficient osmoregulation, metabolic adjustment, and modulation of gill functions. At the molecular level, adaptive responses involve the upregulation of stress-related genes such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), ion transporters, and antioxidant enzymes. Immunologically, P. monodon activates its innate immune system and antioxidant defenses to maintain homeostasis under adverse conditions. Understanding these adaptation mechanisms is essential for developing resilient aquaculture practices, including improved water quality management, selective breeding, and the application of biotechnological tools. This review also identifies current research gaps and highlights future directions for enhancing the sustainability and productivity of P. monodon aquaculture in a changing climate.