INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa (P-ISSN 2406-9558 E-ISSN 2406-9566) is published by Education University of Muhammadiyah (UNIMUDA) Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia. Starting from August 22, 2025, the publication frequency has changed to four times a year, namely in March, June, August, and December. Previously, the journal was published twice a year in May and October. The journal particularly emphasizes studies that explore effective teaching methodologies, language acquisition, curriculum design, and the integration of technology in language education. In addition, it welcomes research on applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics, as they relate to language teaching practices. The scope of the journal also includes a focus on literary analysis, interpretation, and criticism, especially how literature can be incorporated into the classroom to foster critical thinking and cultural understanding. Specific topics of interest range from the teaching of literature in multicultural settings, literary pedagogy, and comparative literature to the role of literature in language development and intercultural competence. The journal seeks contributions that address contemporary challenges and propose creative solutions within these areas, aiming to bridge theory and practice in language education and literary studies. INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa has been nationally accredited (SINTA 4) by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, valid from Volume 9 No.1 (2022) to Volume 13 No.2 (2026).
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Pendidikan Muhammadiyah Sorong
The Influence of School Literacy Programs on Students' Reading Ability in Elementary Schools
Literacy applied in elementary schools is very important because it is the main foundation for the development of children's knowledge and skills in the future. Good literacy will help students understand other lessons. To develop literacy in schools, a culture of literacy is instilled in students, and learning resources are provided. The low literacy rate is due to a lack of understanding of the concept of basic literacy and the implementation of literacy that is less supportive. In addition, there is a gap in access and quality of education between urban and rural areas. In some remote areas, children have less access to reading books and minimal libraries, resulting in low interest in reading for students. The low interest in reading for students will have an impact on their reading ability. The existence of libraries and reading corners in schools is a school literacy program that can be carried out to develop students' reading skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of school literacy programs on students' reading skills. This study is a descriptive qualitative study with observation and interview methods. Data Analysis Techniques are through the stages of reduction, display, and conclusion/verification. The research sample can be determined from related data sources, from interviews and observations of students from grade IV, such as class teachers, librarians, and other data sources. The results of this study indicate that this study with the title found that literacy in the scope of students at SD Negeri 7 Buntao is still low, so it is necessary to increase literacy in the scope of the school. This study is useful for other schools that want to carry out literacy programs.
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The Exploring Students' Perception on the Use of TikTok to Improve Their English Speaking Skill
This study explores students’ perceptions of using TikTok to improve their English-speaking skills. Drawing on survey data from 99 participants, the findings reveal that a majority view TikTok as a helpful and engaging platform for language learning. Over 77% of students agreed or strongly agreed that TikTok supports their speaking development, particularly in areas such as vocabulary acquisition, pronunciation, grammar, and intonation. The platform’s interactive features, including short video challenges and expressive content, were found to boost motivation and reduce anxiety about making mistakes. Students also appreciated the freedom to express themselves and the fun, informal learning environment TikTok provides. These results suggest that integrating social media tools like TikTok into language education can enhance learner confidence and participation. Overall, the study highlights the potential of digital platforms to complement traditional methods and foster meaningful language practice in a way that feels natural and enjoyable to students.
EFL Students’ Perceptions of AI Chatbots in Learning Speaking Skills
The increasing integration of artificial intelligence in education raises questions about how students perceive and engage with AI tools for language learning. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of English education students at Hamzanwadi University regarding the use of ChatGPT in practicing English speaking skills. Using a qualitative descriptive design, data were collected through open-ended questionnaires, classroom observations, and individual interviews with 20 sixth-semester students. The findings revealed that most students held positive perceptions of ChatGPT, citing its accessibility, privacy, and non-judgmental nature as key benefits that enhanced their speaking practice. Furthermore, students reported increased motivation, confidence, and engagement during their interactions with the chatbot, especially due to its 24/7 availability and supportive feedback environment. However, some participants noted limitations in the quality of ChatGPT’s feedback, which occasionally lacked depth or contextual understanding. The findings contribute to AI-assisted language learning literature by emphasizing the potential of ChatGPT to support speaking fluency and learner autonomy, especially when complemented by teacher guidance. This research suggests that integrating ChatGPT into EFL classrooms can create low-anxiety, personalized speaking opportunities, while also highlighting the need for pedagogical scaffolding to optimize its use.
Development of Digital Learning Media Based on Folktales in Indonesian Language Learning for Fifth-Grade Students at UPT SD Negeri 2 Timoreng Panua
This research aims to develop and test the effectiveness of digital learning media based on folklore in teaching Indonesian language to fifth-grade students at UPT SD Negeri 2 Timoreng Panua. The background of this study lies in the pedagogical gap between conventional, passive teaching methods and the characteristics of students who are predominantly audio-visual and kinesthetic learners. Therefore, an interactive and context-based medium grounded in local wisdom is needed to enhance students’ engagement and literacy skills. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, consisting of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The product produced is an Interactive Learning Multimedia (ILM) based on local folklore, which was systematically developed and validated by experts. The validation results indicate a very high level of feasibility: material expert 92%, media expert 80%, and instructional expert 90%, with an overall category of “very feasible.” A limited trial involving 10 students showed an average gain score of 0.45, categorized as moderate effectiveness according to Hake’s criteria. Of these, 1 student had a low gain score (≤0.30), 9 students achieved moderate gain scores (0.30–0.70), and none were in the high category (>0.70). In the broader trial involving 30 students, the average gain score was 0.44, also categorized as moderate effectiveness. Among them, 7 students fell into the low category (g ≤ 0.30), 22 in the moderate category (0.30 < g ≤ 0.70), and 1 student (S-25) in the high category (g > 0.70). This indicates that most students experienced significant improvement after using the developed media. The student response questionnaire also showed high levels of attractiveness (4.6) and ease of use (4.2) on a 5-point scale. These findings demonstrate that the developed digital learning media based on folklore is valid, engaging, and effective in improving students’ literacy. Theoretically, this research reinforces the application of Mayer’s Multimedia Learning Theory and Bruner’s Constructivist Theory in primary education, while practically, it serves as an innovative model for integrating local wisdom into digital learning. Thus, this study contributes to the development of contextual, interactive, and culturally relevant learning media.
The Influence of Audiovisual Media on Understanding Drama Material Class XI Makale Christian High School
The Indonesian nation is a nation that has many tribes that have created various regional languages. This diversity certainly requires Indonesian as a unifying language. Indonesian is one of the general subjects in schools. The scope of Indonesian language material from the learning achievement elements is literature which is understanding, appreciation, response, analysis, and creation of works. This learning process sometimes faces obstacles, one of which is the analysis activity. One of the media that is expected to help students in achieving a learning goal is audiovisual media. Through this study we will find out how audiovisual media influences learning to analyze drama. The type of research used is a quantitative approach. The population for this study was all class XI of SMA Kristen Makale with a total of 200 students and the sample was class XI-3 and X1-6 totaling 69 people. The results of this study indicate that audiovisual media can influence students' conceptual understanding of drama material by looking at the ability to analyze the concept of the material before using audiovisual media, students of class XI SMA Kristen Makale did not achieve the minimum learning completeness by looking at the average obtained by students, which is 80.29 while the completeness value that must be achieved is 86 while the ability to analyze the concept of the material after using audiovisual media, students of class XI SMA Kristen Makale have achieved the minimum learning completeness by looking at the average value obtained by students, which is 87.62. This is proven by the hypothesis test of the p-value <0.05, which is 0.000 <0.05, so it can be determined that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted.
Development of an Interactive Digital Book of Bilingual Children's Stories Based on Local Wisdom in Revitalising Mandailing Batak Language for the Alpha Generation
The background of the problem consists of in the digital era which is more dominated by gadgets causing the alpha generation to be less social, interact and not care about the surrounding environment, especially in local wisdom and Mandailing Batak Language, the lack of children's concern for this can make Mandailing Batak language endangered. The main purpose of this research is to preserve local wisdom and improve regional language skills, especially Mandailing Batak regional language. The research method uses the ADDIE model, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation. The number of subjects in this study was 20 fifth grade students. The analysis technique used is a Likert scale and the data evaluation tool used uses a questionnaire sheet and the N-Gain Score Test. Based on the results obtained from material experts 95%, media experts 91.66%, linguists 96.66% and teacher responses 95.83%. After testing on students to see the results of the N-Gain test, the average value of the pretest was 74.05 while the average value of the posttest was 94.25. And the N-Gain value is obtained 79.01 which shows in the Effective category.
A A Semio Pragmatic Analysis in Tourism Brochure
This study is about semio-pragmatic analysis in tourism brochures. The objective of a brochure is to promote products and services that use correct terms or language. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the many linguistic aspects found in the brochure to determine the meaning or reveal a message inside it. This descriptive qualitative research employs Pierce's semiotic research analysis framework for signs, Yule's pragmatic approach to speech acts and Royce’s intersemiotic complementarity theory. The materials for this study are linguistic elements found in Dwidaya tour brochures. In this study, the brochure contains two language aspects: visual and spoken elements. Visual components such as signs, indexes, and symbols help readers understand the message in the brochure. Meanwhile, verbal aspects are realized in two ways: direct, which conveys messages explicitly or plainly, and indirect, which conveys signals implicitly or indirectly. Intersemiotic complementarity is the realization of verbal element and to analyze visual element realized. And how the visual and verbal element relate to each other in Tourism Brochure.
Teacher Strategies for Enhancing Senior High School Students’ Motivation in English Learning: A Case Study at SMAN 1 Barru
This study examines the strategies employed by teachers to enhance the motivation of senior high school students in learning English at SMAN 1 Barru, Indonesia. Student motivation is a crucial factor influencing learning outcomes; yet, many learners struggle with low engagement, limited confidence, and anxiety when using English. Addressing this issue is essential for enhancing language proficiency and supporting national education objectives. A qualitative descriptive design was adopted, with data collected through semi-structured interviews involving six tenth-grade students. The interviews were analysed using Miles and Huberman's (2014) framework to identify recurring themes and patterns. The results revealed that two primary strategies — Active Learning and Reward Systems — significantly boosted student motivation. Active learning, through techniques such as group discussions, gamified quizzes, and brainstorming, created opportunities for collaboration, participation, and self-expression. Reward Systems, including praise, certificates, and bonus points, provided reinforcement that encouraged effort and perseverance. Together, these strategies not only increased enthusiasm but also reduced learning anxiety, making English learning more enjoyable and meaningful. The novelty of this study lies in highlighting how the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic approaches can sustain motivation in Indonesian EFL classrooms. This context has often been overlooked in prior research. The findings offer practical insights for teachers seeking to balance innovative methods with culturally relevant motivational practices. Future research involving larger and more diverse samples, along with teacher perspectives, is recommended to strengthen the applicability of these strategies across different educational contexts.
A Social Class in Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge
This study is about a social class that plays a very important role in the life and death of the main character in Thomas Hardy’s the Mayor of Casterbridge. It is called to have an important role as it triggers the character to survive though eventually; he must die for it. Using the capitalist mode of production and descriptive and dramatic approach to picture the social class in the society as well as the effect of it, the study shows that the main character’s life is triggered by the social class in the society, that is, wealth possession. The more property a man gets the more respects he gets from the society. On the contrary, the less property he gets the less respects he gets. It, then, becomes the main issue of the people in the novel to behave according to the social class driving the main character to the downfall. Finally, although the study has the novelty since no previous studies use the same theory as the researcher’s study, the study gives the readers moral lesson that sometimes in a society, wealth is worth more whilst in another society is not. Besides, this novelty is to develop the study of literature.
Barriers and Cross Cultural Communication Challenges: The Insights Indonesian International Student Mobility Awards (IISMA) 2022 Awardees at Phoenix Academy
This article was written with the purpose of investigating the cross-cultural communication barriers experienced by Indonesian International Student Mobility Awards (IISMA) for Vocational Students 2022 awardees at Phoenix Academy during their time studying in Perth, Australia, as well as their solutions to overcome said barriers. Aligned with the research’s objectives and subjects, the method used in conducting this research is the qualitative method. The writer conducted a series of in-depth interviews with 14 (fourteen) IISMA for Vocational Students 2022 awardees at Phoenix Academy. The writer found the six main barriers they had been subjected to during their stay based on the theory by Kiss (2005): different communication styles, different attitudes towards conflicts, different approaches to completing tasks, different decision-making styles, different attitudes towards disclosure, and different approaches to knowing. The writer concluded that their strategies to overcome each barrier varied according to the awardees’ personal approach and causes. Thorough analysis of the data was performed by dissecting the awardees’ experiences, interpreting their opinions, and correlating them with the relevant theory. It is aimed for this article to be able to aid the future batches of IISMA awardees or recipients of other international programs.
Depressive Symptoms of the Main Character in Julie Anne Peters’ By the Time You Read This, I Will Be Dead
This research aims to determine the psychological problems, namely depression, of the main character in the "By the Time You Read This, I Will Be Dead" novel by Julie Anne Peters. This research uses the theory of Beck & Alford (2009) to analyze symptoms of depression through the attitudes and statements of the main character. The method used is descriptive qualitative research. The results of the research showed a total of 21 data points that showed symptoms of depression in Daelyn Rice. These data are divided into various forms of symptoms, namely 5 data points each from emotional motivations, cognitive manifestations, and motivational manifestations, then 3 data points from vegetative & physical manifestations, 2 data points from delusions, and finally, there is 1 data point on hallucinations. The researcher concluded that of the six forms of symptoms, emotional motivations, cognitive manifestations, and motivational manifestations have the most data compared to other forms of symptoms. This research is significant because it contributes to a deeper understanding of depression and highlights the importance of recognizing early psychological symptoms through literature.
Digital Challenges for the Teaching Profession: An Analysis of English Education Students' Perceptions of AI's Potential as a Competitor to Teachers
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has created new opportunities and challenges in education, especially for future English teachers. While AI has been widely applied in language learning through adaptive platforms, chatbots, and mobile applications, concerns remain about its potential to compete with or even replace teachers. This study seeks to analyze the perceptions of English education students regarding AI’s role in English language learning and its implications for the teaching profession. The research employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with senior students of the English Education Department at Klabat University, who are preparing to graduate and enter the teaching field. Data were analyzed using content analysis to identify key themes. The results indicate that students generally view AI as a supportive tool that makes learning more accessible, flexible, and engaging. They recognize AI's strengths in providing practice opportunities, quick feedback, and personalized learning experiences. However, participants unanimously stressed that AI cannot replace teachers due to its lack of human qualities such as empathy, motivation, and emotional understanding. They emphasized the importance of teachers in guiding, inspiring, and addressing students' personal and affective needs, which remain beyond the capacity of AI to fulfill. The findings also reveal two major challenges: the need for teachers to continually adapt to technological changes and the risk of students becoming overly dependent on AI. This study contributes to the growing discussion on digital challenges in teacher education, offering insights into how prospective teachers envision striking a balance between AI and human educators in the digital era.
Hedging in Jay Shetty’s Mental Health Podcast: A Pragmatic and Politeness Analysis
This study investigates the pragmatic function of hedges in mental health conversations through a case study of Jay Shetty's interview with Kendall Jenner. Hedges, linguistic devices that convey uncertainty, politeness, or subjectivity, are commonly used in spoken discourse, especially when addressing personal or emotionally sensitive topics. Drawing on the theories of Hyland (1996) and Brown et al. (1987), this research analyzes how hedging allows speakers to navigate vulnerability, protect face, and manage interpersonal dynamics in a highly public setting. The data were collected from a transcription of the podcast episode and analyzed qualitatively based on hedge types and their communicative roles. Findings show that Kendall Jenner uses hedges such as “I think,” “sometimes,” “kind of,” and “feel like” to soften the emotional weight of her statements, signal uncertainty, and maintain a relatable public image. Jay Shetty also employs hedging as a strategic tool to guide the conversation with empathy. This research contributes a novel perspective by applying pragmatic analysis to celebrity discourse in mental health advocacy, offering valuable insights into how language shapes public vulnerability and self-disclosure.
The Influence of the Storytelling Method and Picture Media on the Speaking Skills of Fifth-Grade Students at SDN 5 Tanrutedong
The purpose of this study is (1) To analyze the influence of storytelling on the speaking ability of fifth grade students at SD Negeri 5 Tanrutedong (2) To analyze the influence of image media on the speaking ability of fifth grade students at SD Negeri 5 Tanrutedong (3) To analyze the influence of storytelling and image media on speaking ability. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with a correlation approach. The population in this study was all fifth grade students at SD Negeri 5 Tanrutedong totaling 30 students. Data collection was carried out by means of questionnaires and documentation. Validity test using Bivariate Person correlation technique and reliability test using Cronbach alpha technique. Data analysis technique was carried out by descriptive analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The results of this study indicate that (1) There is a positive and significant influence of storytelling on the speaking ability of fifth grade students at SD Negeri 5 Tanrutedong with a significance value of 0.00<0.05 and a correlation value of 43.8% (2) There is a positive and significant influence of image media on the speaking ability of fifth grade students at SD Negeri 5 Tanrutedong with a significance value of 0.01<0.05 and a correlation value of 32.1% (3) There is a positive and significant influence of storytelling and image media on the speaking ability of fifth grade students at SD Negeri 5 Tanrutedong with a significance value of 0.00<0.05 and a correlation value of 60.9%.
Development of Indonesian Language Learning Modules Based on Local Wisdom to Enhance Appreciation of Literature
This study investigates the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in Indonesian language learning at junior high schools (SMP). The central issue identified is the gap between the government’s conceptual design of the curriculum and its actual classroom practice, which hinders the achievement of students’ literacy competencies. The objectives of the study are: (1) to analyze how the Merdeka Curriculum is implemented in Indonesian language subjects, (2) to identify the challenges faced by teachers and students, and (3) to describe stakeholders’ responses and adaptations to the policy. A descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with Indonesian language teachers, classroom observations in three junior high schools, and document analysis of lesson plans, syllabi, and curriculum guidelines. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, and the validity of findings was ensured through triangulation. The results indicate that while teachers have attempted to apply the principles of autonomy through project-based learning and authentic assessment, challenges remain, including limited resources, insufficient pedagogical readiness, and weak managerial support at the school level. Students demonstrated greater motivation and creativity in language tasks, yet continued to require structured guidance in organizing materials. The contribution of this study lies in providing concrete recommendations for developing teacher training modules, supplying contextualized teaching resources, and strengthening policy supervision. These recommendations are expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Merdeka Curriculum in improving Indonesian language competence at the junior high school level.
The Correlation between Students' Habits in Watching English Movies with English Subtitles and Their Speaking Skills at SMAN 7 Manado
This study employed a quantitative approach to explore the relationship between students' habits of watching English-language films with English subtitles and their proficiency in speaking English. The sample consisted of 100 tenth-grade students from SMAN 7 Manado during the first semester of the 2023/2024 academic year, drawn from classes A, C, and D. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (Mean) and the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results indicated that the mean score for students' viewing habits was 2.61, reflecting a moderate frequency, while the mean score for speaking proficiency was 3.32, also indicating a moderate level. The correlation analysis yielded a p-value of 0.061 and a correlation coefficient of 0.188, suggesting a statistically insignificant but positive and weak relationship between the two variables. Although the correlation was not statistically significant, the findings imply that exposure to English films with subtitles may support the development of speaking skills. Therefore, the study provides a research-based implication that media-based learning strategies, specifically subtitled film viewing, can be integrated into curriculum design as a supplementary method to enhance students’ speaking proficiency, especially when tailored to their individual learning preferences and supported by structured pedagogical frameworks.
Examining The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Speaking Proficiency: A Correlational Study Among English Major Students
This research investigates the correlation between the EFL learners’ self-efficacy and speaking proficiency. Considering speaking as essential but problematic language competency, the study in question looks at the impact of self-efficacy on students’ proficiency in accomplishing speaking tasks with confidence and efficiency. The study utilized a quantitative correlational technique and comprised 35 second-semester students from a private university in Jakarta. Data were gathered using a self-efficacy questionnaire and speaking performance evaluations focusing on pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. The findings demonstrated a strong positive correlation (r = 0.796), the value of Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05 between students' self-efficacy and their speaking proficiency, indicating that elevated self-efficacy correlates with enhanced speaking proficiency. The results underscore the necessity for students to cultivate confidence and participate actively in speaking exercises.
Lecturers' Strategies for Overcoming the Digital Divide in Online Learning of English Language Teaching (ELT)
This study examines the strategies used by lecturers to address the digital divide in online English language learning in the English Language Education Study Program at Muhammadiyah University of Sidenreng Rappang. A qualitative approach was employed, and data were collected through structured interviews with lecturers and students. The findings show that lecturers apply several strategies, including designing inclusive learning activities, promoting student collaboration, offering technical support, and facilitating the development of digital skills. The implementation of these strategies is supported by the availability of digital platforms and institutional facilities. However, limitations in internet access, varying levels of student digital literacy, and challenges in maintaining focus during online learning continue to pose obstacles. Overall, the study highlights the importance of lecturer readiness, institutional support, and student initiative in reducing the digital divide and improving the quality of online English language learning.
The Effectiveness of Visual Literacy in Developing Environmental Character of Grade IV Students of SDN 3 Rantepao
This study was motivated by the weak character of environmental love in elementary school students. This can be seen from the low concern for classroom cleanliness, waste management, and a lack of understanding of the importance of preserving the environment. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of visual literacy in forming and developing the character of environmental love in grade IV students at SDN 3 Rantepao. The method used is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental approach involving two classes, namely the experimental class and the control class. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The results of the study showed that the application of visual literacy media such as environmental posters, infographics, and educational videos significantly increased students' awareness and behavior of environmental love. The main contribution of this study is to prove that visual literacy is not only a means of conveying information but also effective in forming students' character through an attractive and easy-to-understand visual approach. This study recommends the use of visual literacy as part of a character education learning strategy, especially the character of caring for the environment from an early age. The main contribution of this study is to prove that visual literacy is not only a means of conveying information, but also effective in shaping students' character through an attractive and easy-to-understand visual approach, which has been proven to increase the average knowledge about the environment by 26%, environmental care attitudes by 18%, and real actions in protecting the environment by 26% in students.
Validation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) In Syntactic Analysis to Improve Students' Linguistic Competence and AI Literacy
The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) presents both opportunities and challenges in language learning, particularly in Indonesian syntax analysis, which is characterized by its flexible and complex structures. The main problem arises from AI limitations in accurately distinguishing syntactic functions, especially between objects, complements, and adverbials, which may lead to misinterpretations among students. This study aims to validate AI’s accuracy in sentence pattern analysis and to emphasize its role as a supporting tool rather than a primary authority in syntactic studies. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach with documentation techniques, the research analyzed 60 student-produced sentences processed by AI and compared them with conceptual analysis based on Chaer’s syntactic theory. Findings reveal that AI demonstrates relatively high accuracy in identifying subjects and predicates (90%), moderate accuracy in objects (80%), but lower accuracy in complements and adverbials (75%). These results highlight that while AI is useful for recognizing basic syntactic patterns, it remains weak in distinguishing between obligatory and optional grammatical functions. The implication is that AI integration in language learning must be accompanied by theoretical validation from students and lecturers to ensure that sentence analysis is not merely mechanical but grounded in comprehensive linguistic understanding.
The Teachers’ Perceptions of Students’ Vocabulary Mastery through ESA
Vocabulary mastery plays a central role in English language development, as it enables learners to understand, use, and communicate ideas effectively. However, many students often struggle to retain and apply new vocabulary, which makes the choice of teaching method especially important. One approach that has gained attention is the Engage, Study, and Activate (ESA) method, which combines motivational activities, structured Study, and communicative practice. This Study aimed to explore English teachers' perceptions of the ESA method in enhancing students' vocabulary mastery and to identify which aspects of the method they found most effective in classroom practice. The research employed a descriptive quantitative design with survey data collected from ten English teachers at the elementary and junior high school levels. The instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of 37 items, adapted from established models, and designed to capture perceptions across the three ESA stages. Responses were measured on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean scores, percentages, and standard deviations. Findings revealed that the majority of teachers hold positive perceptions toward the ESA method. Teachers emphasized that the Engage phase helps capture students' attention and motivation, the Study phase provides essential accuracy and explanation of vocabulary, and the Activate phase encourages meaningful use of words through role-plays, discussions, and collaborative activities. The highest-rated item concerned the role of question-and-answer activities in motivating learners (M = 4.60). At the same time, the lowest rating reflected concerns about group work consuming too much classroom time (M = 2.90). Overall, the results suggest that teachers view ESA as an effective, flexible, and student-centered approach for improving vocabulary learning in EFL contexts.
The Effectiveness of Using Powtoon-Based Learning Media on Learning Motivation and Listening Skills of Upper-Grade Students at UPT SD Negeri 2 Batu
This study aims to determine the effect of using PowToon learning media on improving elementary school students' learning motivation and listening skills compared to conventional learning methods. The study used a quasi-experimental design with two classes: a control class and an experimental class. The population and sample in this study were all 81 upper grade students divided into a control class of 29 students and an experimental class of 52 students. Data collection techniques in this study included tests, observations, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis technique used the IBM Statistics application with the N-Gain Score formula. The analysis results showed that the experimental class using PowToon experienced a significant improvement in listening learning outcomes with an average N-Gain score of 0.79 (79.80%), which is considered high. In contrast, the control class only achieved an average N-Gain of 0.18 (18.67%), which is in the low category. Student learning motivation in the experimental class also showed significantly better results, with 96% of students in the excellent category, compared to the control class, where the majority (87%) were in the poor category. Furthermore, students' listening skills in the experimental class improved significantly, as evidenced by observations and questionnaires that recorded increased activity, focus, and understanding of the material. The data also showed that PowToon media was able to create a more interactive and enjoyable learning environment, encouraging students to be more active in asking questions, discussing, and expressing their opinions. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the use of PowToon learning media is effective in significantly increasing students' learning motivation and listening skills compared to conventional learning methods. Therefore, PowToon is recommended as an alternative innovative learning medium in elementary schools to create more meaningful and enjoyable learning.
Implementation of Digital-Based Torajan Folk Story Media to Improve Students' Reading Interest
National Education functions to develop abilities and shape the character and civilization of a dignified nation to make the nation's life intelligent. The need to increase insight and knowledge certainly begins with the Literacy Movement which can be started by reading. However, according to UNESCO data, the reading interest of Indonesian people is very concerning, only 0.001%. This means that out of 1,000 Indonesians, only 1 person is an avid reader. Ironically, according to the Ministry of Communication and Information, although the interest in reading books is low, wear social data reveals that Indonesians can stare at gadget screens for approximately 9 hours a day. Gadget addiction by children today also has an impact on the social and cultural environment so that their understanding of local culture begins to fade. Thus, there is a need for innovative and interesting media to attract students' reading interest by highlighting local wisdom. The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of digital-based folklore media in increasing students' interest in reading. This study was conducted using a mix-method method on 20 fourth-grade students of SDN 1 Rantepao. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, tests, and documentation. The results of this study were an increase in students' interest in reading after using the media. Digital-based folklore by utilizing interactive technology and interesting visual elements is used as an alternative learning media to increase student participation in reading activities. This research is useful for other schools that want to use digital-based learning media as well as a forum for preserving culture.
An Analysis Finding Nemo Movie to Explore Student Perception and Vocabulary Acquisition
This study investigates students’ perceptions of the animated film Finding Nemo as a medium for learning English vocabulary and explores how it facilitates vocabulary acquisition in authentic and engaging contexts. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the study involved 35 second-semester students of the English Education Study Program at Hamzanwadi University. Data were gathered through open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed thematically to identify patterns emerging from participants’ responses. The findings indicate that students generally have positive perceptions toward using Finding Nemo in vocabulary learning. They reported acquiring both concrete and abstract vocabulary through contextual exposure in the film’s dialogues and visual storytelling. The combination of audio, visual, and emotional elements enhanced comprehension and long-term retention. Moreover, students expressed that learning through the film was more enjoyable and motivating compared to traditional methods, as it fostered a relaxed and interactive learning environment. These results suggest that animated films such as Finding Nemo not only enrich students’ vocabulary but also promote positive attitudes and motivation toward learning English.
Analysis of Mandarin Language Course Needs for Students of the Economic Education Study Program
Mandarin is becoming one of the most essential foreign languages ​​to learn due to China's rapid and dominant economic and political advancements. This trend has led to the integration of Mandarin language instruction in both formal and non-formal education settings, including within the Economics Education Study Program at Tanjungpura University. To select teaching methods and materials that align with student needs, it is crucial to conduct a needs analysis of the Mandarin language courses for 46 students enrolled in the Economics Education Study Program at Tanjungpura University. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, collecting data through a questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. The findings indicate that the majority of students are beginner learners who require foundational learning strategies. These strategies should be reinforced with more interactive classroom activities, such as translation exercises, speaking practice, and group-based learning. The study emphasises the importance of providing materials and topics relevant to students' fields of study. It is anticipated that these findings will serve as a valuable reference for designing teaching methods and materials that are well-suited to the academic and professional needs of the students.
Exploring Learners’ Experiences with Tactile and Interactive Materials in Mandarin Language Learning for Visually Impaired Students
Visually impaired students continue to encounter persistent barriers in foreign language learning because instructional practices often rely heavily on visual input, which limits their motivation and equitable participation in the learning process. This study addressed this gap by exploring whether multisensory Mandarin lessons could enhance engagement and motivation among visually impaired learners. A qualitative descriptive design was applied with 24 students at SLB A YAPTI Makassar. Data were collected through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a motivation questionnaire, then analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke's framework with triangulation to ensure credibility. The findings revealed three major outcomes: students expressed heightened interest and enjoyment, describing the lessons as novel and stimulating; they reported an increased sense of competence and confidence, though many requested slower pacing and more practice to master tonal distinctions; and they showed greater participation and peer interaction, fostering a more inclusive classroom environment. These results highlight the potential of multisensory approaches to reduce barriers in foreign language education, emphasising the need for teachers and policymakers to design adaptive strategies that support both accessibility and sustained motivation for visually impaired learners.
Marketing With Emotional Branding: A Case Study on English Courses in Kampung Pare
This research raises a crucial issue related to the importance of emotional branding in increasing consumer loyalty in English courses. In an increasingly fierce competition era, consumers seek educational services and meaningful emotional experiences. The problem identified was the low emotional engagement provided by the course institution, thus affecting customer loyalty. This study aims to analyze elements of emotional branding, such as brand stories, the use of emotional language, and sensory experiences in creating an emotional connection with consumers. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a demographic study design. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and analysis of promotional documents. The results show that elements of brand stories and sensory experiences significantly increase emotional attachment and consumer loyalty. This study concludes that emotional branding is a key strategy for building long-term relationships with consumers in the education sector.
Urban and Rural Teachers’ Perceptions of the Implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum: A Case Study of Teachers in West Kalimantan
This study aims to describe the perceptions of rural and urban teachers in West Kalimantan regarding the implementation of the Independent Curriculum (The Merdeka Curriculum) through a case study at SMPN 5 Jelimpo and SMPN 29 Pontianak. The scope of the research covers two schools implementing the Independent Curriculum but located in different contexts, namely a rural and an urban area. The research employs a qualitative approach using observation and interview methods. The data sources are Indonesian language teachers from SMPN 5 Jelimpo and SMPN 29 Pontianak. The data consist of interview results from these teachers. The findings of the study include: (1) Positive Views on the Independent Curriculum, teachers from SMPN 29 Pontianak and SMPN 5 Jelimpo welcomed the policy for its flexibility in supporting student-centered learning; (2) Different Levels of Readiness and Adaptation, SMPN 29 Pontianak showed a more advanced readiness with a "Mandiri Berubah" approach, while SMPN 5 Jelimpo remains in an intensive preparation phase; (3) Teaching Strategies and Teacher Competency Development, both schools rely on various learning resources to enhance teacher competency, with different approaches such as structured training at school and the use of social media; (4) Contextual Curriculum Implementation, SMPN 29 Pontianak emphasizes internal coordination, while SMPN 5 Jelimpo focuses on project-based learning and local wisdom; and (5) Contextual Challenges, urban teachers face internal obstacles like time management, whereas rural teachers face external challenges such as limited infrastructure and resistance from colleagues.
Understanding Students' Views on English as the Medium of Instruction: Insights from Non-English Majors
This study explores the perceptions of non-English major students toward the use of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) in a general English class. The growing implementation of EMI in higher education aims not only to enhance students' English proficiency but also to prepare them for the academic and professional demands of a globalised context. However, for students outside English-related disciplines, this practice often presents both opportunities and challenges that require closer investigation. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four first-year students from various majors at a higher education institution in Manado, Indonesia. The interviews focused on students’ experiences, perceptions, difficulties, and motivation when taught in English. The findings revealed that while most students initially faced comprehension difficulties, particularly in understanding unfamiliar vocabulary and complex grammatical structures, they also recognised the long-term benefits of EMI. Students reported increased motivation, greater exposure to English in authentic contexts, and improvements in communication skills. Nonetheless, several participants emphasised the importance of employing adaptive strategies, such as incorporating bilingual explanations, interactive activities, and practical examples, to support understanding and alleviate anxiety. The study demonstrates that EMI has the potential to influence students' language development and learning attitudes positively. However, its effectiveness depends on how well teaching strategies address the diverse needs of learners with varying levels of proficiency. These insights provide valuable implications for lecturers and educational institutions in designing inclusive instructional models that balance English exposure with accessibility, ultimately fostering both language acquisition and academic success among non-English major students.
Investigating the Use of Project-Based Learning Using Animated Video Media in English Learning, Writing Descriptive Text at Vocational High School Students
This study examines the implementation of Project-Based Learning using animated videos in teaching descriptive writing to vocational high school students and explores students' experiences with this integrated approach. Using a case study design, data were collected through observations and interviews with teachers and students. The results of the study indicate that teachers successfully implemented a structured project-based learning approach, beginning with an explanation of the material, followed by the screening of animated videos, group discussions for text writing (planning, drafting, editing, and final presentation), and reflection. The animated video "Get to know more about Borobudur Temple" served as an engaging and educational tool. Students' overall responses were positive across all cognitive, affective, and conative domains. Cognitively, students demonstrated better understanding of descriptive text structure and vocabulary, as well as improved critical thinking skills. Affectively, they reported increased enjoyment, motivation, and preference for this interactive learning method. In terms of conative skills, students actively participated in group work, showed improved writing skills, and, despite minor initial confusion, completed the project creation process. This study concludes that integrating project-based learning with animated videos is a highly effective and engaging pedagogical strategy for increasing descriptive writing skills in English and creating positive learning experiences in a vocational high school environment.
Multimodal Podcast Learning to Build L2 Listening Self-Efficacy in Gen Z EFL Learners
Gen Z learners are predominantly audio-visual, yet most educational podcasts remain audio-only, constraining their potential to support learners who depend on visual cues for comprehension. Addressing this limitation, the present mixed-methods study investigates how multimodal podcast learning combining audio, subtitles, and interactive transcripts enhances L2 listening self-efficacy among Gen Z EFL learners. Drawing on Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Mayer’s multimedia learning framework, sixty undergraduate students from Universitas Negeri Makassar participated in an eight-week intervention comparing multimodal and audio-only podcast instruction. Quantitative analyses indicated a significant improvement in listening self-efficacy for the multimodal group (M = 4.02, SD = 0.68) relative to the audio-only group (M = 3.25, SD = 0.70), t(58) = 7.91, p < .001, with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.15). Qualitative findings identified three recurrent themes: strengthened confidence through repeated mastery experiences, increased motivation through authentic topics, and greater learner autonomy fostered by multimodal scaffolds. Collectively, the results demonstrate that multimodal podcast learning not only reinforces listening competence but also cultivates the psychological confidence required for self-regulated learning. The study advances theoretical and pedagogical understanding of how multimodality transforms podcast-based instruction into an inclusive and empowering practice for contemporary EFL education.